There are lots of great free and commercial vocoder plugins available these days, but setting them up in Cubase isn't always straightforward. On top of that, there's a lot more to getting a good-sounding vocoder than simply getting your DAW routing configured properly. For that reason, this first post covers some general tips that will help you get the most out of any vocoder plugin you end up using, and the posts that follow walk you through configuring a number of specific vocoders.
At the bottom of this post you'll find links to each of my tutorials for configuring several different vocoder plugins. But for now, let's cover the basics.
VOCODER FUNDAMENTALS
There are different applications for vocoders and their various components, but these tutorials are just going to cover the most common use case for music production: For our purposes, a vocoder is a tool that analyzes an incoming audio signal (usually a human voice) called the modulator, breaks that source signal into an arbitrary number of signal bands, and uses this encoded information to modulate a secondary audio source (usually a synth patch) called the carrier.
Another way of putting it: The vocoder attempts to approximate the sound of the modulator signal using audio material from the carrier.
Here's an example I put together for this tutorial. First, we have a three-part harmony I recorded to use as my modulator signal. There is some mild compression on it to even out the dynamics, and I edited the audio to remove some unwanted breath and to tighten up the timing:
Next, here's a MIDI track I recorded for the carrier signal. It's a synth pad from HALion Sonic that has some reverb and delay that creates some movement in the final vocoder output. In this example, the MIDI timing very closely follows the vocals (or rather, I sung the vocals to closely follow this MIDI part):
And here's the final result, as processed by
Image-Line's Vocodex plug-in:
This very basic way of looking at the vocoder leads us to a few simple rules we can follow to ensure we get the best sounding results:
THE CARRIER AND MODULATOR SHOULD MATCH EACH OTHER IN PITCH
Vocoders are very often used for rich harmonized vocal sections. Frequently (even in some tutorials I've seen), I notice people will feed a non-harmonized vocal source/modulator into a vocoder where only the synth/carrier signal is harmonized. The result sometimes sounds okay, simply because of the harmonics (frequencies surrounding the root note) that might be going on in the carrier signal- but more often only the notes in the carrier that match whatever was in the source signal will come through very well.
So, if you want the end result to be harmonized both your carrier and your modulator signals need to be harmonized. And not just the same notes, but the same octaves/frequency ranges as well.
THE CARRIER SHOULD BE RICH IN HARMONICS
The human voice covers a lot of the audible spectrum when you consider not just the pitched vowel sounds, but the unpitched consonant sounds as well. All the various resonances and vibrations involved in the human voice, can result in a harmonically rich sound, even when just singing vowels. If you use a carrier signal that only matches the exact frequencies of the musical notes in your modulator's melody, you will likely lose a lot of the consonant sounds, because there won't be enough high-frequency content in your carrier to reproduce them.
Some vocoders include features to add noise to the carrier (which gives the vocoder some high-frequency content to shape consonants with) or mix some of the original modulator into the sound keep things intelligible, but simply choosing your carrier patches wisely can go a long way.
We can illustrate this pretty clearly. I used
Voxengo SPAN to capture what some different signals look like on the audio spectrum. Here's a snapshot of my modulator signal, which is me singing a three-part harmony, with a little compression but no other processing or effects:
Here is my carrier signal, a synth pad from
Steinberg HALion Sonic 2. The carrier is playing a MIDI version of the same harmonies I'm singing in the modulator. You can see that it has good coverage across the same spectrum as the vocal line. There is some content below 80Hz that will be discarded by the vocoder, since there's nothing that low in the modulator:
For comparison, here's a terrible carrier playing the same MIDI line. It's a pure sine patch I made in
Native Instruments Massive. There are no harmonics and no high-frequency content. If your pitches didn't match this part's narrow frequency range exactly (like if your source
singing went sharp or flat), you'd probably hear an unpleasant tremolo
in the output:
You would also lose a ton of definition in the final product using the above signal as a
carrier. Below you can see my vocals superimposed over the sine wave carrier. The yellow area on the left is where the two signals overlap. All the green on the right (everything above 250Hz) is signal information from the modulator that's simply lost in the final output:
START WITH A CARRIER THAT HAS FAST ATTACK, SHORT RELEASE, AND MINIMAL FX
In order to properly follow the melody of your incoming modulator signal, it helps to have a carrier that starts and stops quickly so it always (and only) plays the notes you need, when you need them. You can get some interesting results by messing with longer attack and especially release times once you've got everything set up, but sticking to fast/responsive patches can speed up your auditioning and troubleshooting process.
Similar to sounds with long release stages, patches that have noticeable reverb tails or delays can also be interesting, but they can also give you unexpected results when auditioning sounds. Try disabling reverb or dialing back decay times if you notice pitch changes that seem to get muddled in the vocoded results.
PICK REASONABLE VOLUMES FOR BOTH MODULATOR AND CARRIER
Some vocoders have limited "sweet spots" when it comes to the levels of the signals you feed to them- particularly the modulators. Vocoders are also easily overloaded due to the mixing of the various signals, and not all of them have level meters or internal gain controls. Start out with moderate, matching levels for both your carrier and modulator signals when you're just trying to confirm things are working properly. You can experiment with overdriving (or dialing back) different levels when you're refining your sound.
TREAT YOUR MODULATOR SIGNAL AS IF IT WERE A FINAL VOCAL TRACK
Even though little to none of the original modulator signal will make it into your final vocoded output, if your volumes are uneven, pitches are wobbly, or timing is bad, your final result will be bad as well. (Like some folks say, "Garbage in, garbage out.")
Compressing the modulator before it hits your vocoder can both even out the dynamics and bring out some of the unpitched consonant sounds, making the vocoder voice more intelligible.
TIP: EXPERIMENT WITH EVOLVING CARRIERS AND SIMPLIFIED MIDI
As you might
imagine, synth patches that change over time can be very interesting
vocoder carriers. To take advantage of such sounds you might find that
it helps to simplify your MIDI data. For example, if you sing three
notes in a row at the same pitch, your MIDI might just have a single
extended note at that pitch to give your patch some time to evolve.
Patches that begin with a click or a pluck of some kind might also influence your decision of whether to exactly mirror the individual notes of the modulator in MIDI or only follow the pitches.
VOCODER TUTORIAL PROJECTS (DOWNLOAD)
I made a couple of simple tutorial projects you can use to test out the vocoder plugin of your choice. You can get them from the
Ultimate Outsider Downloads page. I made the projects in
Cubase Pro 8, but they should load in either Cubase Pro or
Cubase Artist, and should work for version 7, 7.5, and 8. Each project is for a different kind of configuration:
VOCODER INTERNAL CARRIER PROJECT
This project is for cases where you want to use the plugin's built-in synthesizer/carrier instead of supplying your own carrier signal. The project includes an audio clip with harmonized vocals and a MIDI clip that plays the same harmony/melody as the vocal track.
The MIDI clip is not routed to any instrument when you first load the project, so you won't hear anything but the vocal track when you play it. The "internal carrier" examples in the following posts will tell you when to use this track.
VOCODER EXTERNAL CARRIER PROJECT
This is for situations where you want to provide your own external carrier signal instead of using the vocoder's built-in carrier. (Some vocoder plugins like
mda Vocoder don't even have an internal carrier, so this is the project you'd use.)
The project contains a vocal clip to serve as the modulator and a synth pad clip to serve as the carrier.
MY VOCODER TEST PROJECT
When preparing this tutorial, I put together a Cubase project that uses five different vocoders in eight different configurations, with a lot of group channels for routing the source audio to the various plugins. Here's a quick run-down of the project, in case you're interested in more advanced routing than we'll talk about in the subsequent parts of the tutorial. (
Note: This project is not included in the tutorial projects download, since it requires a number of commercial plugins.)
- Tracks 3-8 are the original vocal audio tracks I recorded to use as my modulator. I recorded three parts, but duplicated each track to smooth out the initial "Hello" when looping. All of these tracks are routed to the "Modulator Vocals (Stereo)" group channel.
- Track 14 is an instrument track with an instance of HALion Sonic, playing a MIDI part that serves as the carrier for all vocoder configurations that use an external carrier. This track has two sends, routed to each of the "External Carrier" group channels.
- Tracks 16-19 are MIDI tracks which send MIDI to individual vocoder plugin instances that are configured to use the given plugin's internal carrier. They are color-coded to indicate which plugin instance they play into.
- Tracks 20-23 are group channels that route audio to the various plugin configurations via sends. The reason there are two stereo groups and two single-channel groups is because some plugins only accept audio as a stereo pair, where the Left and Right channels independently deliver the carrier or modulator.
- Tracks 25-32 are the individual plugin configuration groups. Each one contains a single instance of a given vocoder as an audio insert, and each one receives audio from one of the Modulator Vocals buses. Additionally, the "external carrier" configurations receive audio from one of the "External Carrier" groups, and the "internal carrier" configurations instead receive MIDI from their respective MIDI track, as indicated by the track color. NOTE: These are the only channels in the project that send audio to Cubase's "Stereo Out." All other channels and tracks are set to either "No bus" or routed to other channels, since we only want to hear the vocoder output, not the raw modulator or carrier signals.
Oh, and in case you were wondering what 8 vocoders stacked together sounds like, here you go:
SETTING UP SPECIFIC PLUGINS
Now that we have a good understanding of the fundamentals, let's start setting up some plugins:
I set up a
SoundCloud playlist of all the clips I recorded for this tutorial. It contains the raw modulator and carrier as well as examples of every plugin mentioned in these tutorials, in each of their possible routing configurations- so you can hear all the vocoders side-by-side.
. The exact MIDI and audio options in your instrument or plugin host might have different names from what you see in the pictures.
